Oracle RMAN-增量备份

全备份

RMAN> list backupset;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

1       Full    1.02G      DISK        00:01:46     08-DEC-17 （1号备份是全备份，备份的尺寸大小是1.02G，备份到硬盘上面，后面是什么时间备份的。）     

        BP Key: 1   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 1

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

（1.02个G的大小是上面4个文件加起来的大小）

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

2       Full    9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     08-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 2   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 08-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1038423      Ckp time: 08-DEC-17

[oracle@localhost oradata]$ ls -la  /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08

total 1075948

drwxr-x--- 2 oracle oinstall       4096 Dec  8 03:22 .

drwxr-x--- 3 oracle oinstall       4096 Dec  8 03:20 ..

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall    9830400 Dec  8 03:22 o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1091928064 Dec  8 03:22 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

.bkp文件为什么放在backupset下面是由configure文件来做决定的。

通过rman产生的这两个文件因为备份的是在本地，可以将这个文件拷贝出去，拷贝到另外一块硬盘上面。如果要恢复，就将其还原到原来的位置进行恢复。

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

[root@localhost 2017_12_08]# cp o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp   o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp    /rman

[root@localhost 2017_12_08]# ls /rman

o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp  o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

RMAN> show all;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORADB are:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default

CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default

CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default

CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_oradb.f'; # default

可以看到configuration有一些缺省的参数，在使用backup database的时候没有指定任何参数，使用的就是默认的configuration的参数。但是使用backup database的时候也可以指定参数。

在非catalog模式下面使用rman备份，备份的信息是放在控制文件里面，通过查看任意一个控制文件可以看到里面有rman的备份信息。

[oracle@oracle oradb]$ ls

control01.ctl  control02.ctl  redo01.log  redo02.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  system01.dbf  temp01.dbf  undotbs01.dbf  user01.dbf

[oracle@oracle oradb]$ strings control01.ctl

2017-12-11T06:21:55

RMAN

2017-12-11T06:21:55

list

2017-12-11T06:21:55

backup

2017-12-11T06:21:55

list

2017-12-11T06:21:55

list

2017-12-11T06:21:55

RMAN

2017-12-11T06:21:55

list

2017-12-11T06:21:55

backup

2017-12-11T06:21:55

list

2017-12-11T06:21:55

List

将来要使用catalog方式，会将备份的信息放在catalog database里面去。

RMAN> list backupset;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

1       Full    1.02G      DISK        00:01:46     08-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 1   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 1

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

2       Full    9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     08-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 2   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 08-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1038423      Ckp time: 08-DEC-17

上次做的全备份，back up piece是一个文件，如o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp，上面全部的信息就是一个backup set，backupset是一个备份集，是一个集合。在备份集合里面有backup piece，即一个文件。

o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp  o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

这两个文件（backup piece）组成了backupset，将来要进行恢复的时候，缺一不可。

0级增量备份

RMAN> backup incremental level=0 database;

Starting backup at 10-DEC-17

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=42 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 0 datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

piece handle=/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20171210T165527_f2vow0f1_.bkp tag=TAG20171210T165527 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:55

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 0 datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

including current control file in backup set

including current SPFILE in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

piece handle=/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn0_TAG20171210T165527_f2voxsq9_.bkp tag=TAG20171210T165527 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 10-DEC-17

0级增量备份和全备份差不多，都是将整个数据库备份下来。唯一的区别就是全备份不可以作为增量备份的基础。但是0级增量备份可以作为增量备份的基础。比如做了全备份做1级增量备份，那么1级增量备份不可以在全备份的基础上做一级增量备份。在做1级增量备份是在0级增量备份的基础上做1级增量备份的。

RMAN> list backupset;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

1       Full    1.02G      DISK        00:01:46     08-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 1   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 1

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4       Full 1038388    08-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

2       Full    9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     08-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 2   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171208T032031

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 08-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1038423      Ckp time: 08-DEC-17

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

3       Incr 0  1.01G      DISK        00:00:50     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 3   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T165527

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20171210T165527_f2vow0f1_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 3

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

4       Incr 0  9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 4   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T165527

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn0_TAG20171210T165527_f2voxsq9_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 10-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1067960      Ckp time: 10-DEC-17

通过3，4和1，2对比可以看到，0级增量备份和全部数据库的备份的文件大小几乎相同。其实0级增量备份和全库备份都差不多，只不过0级增量可以作为后续增量备份的基础。

在0级增量备份级里面，tag的值都是一样的。在增量备份的9.36M的备份片里面（SPFILE Included，Control File Included）包含了参数文件和控制文件。同理1.01G的备份片里面包含了下面这些文件。

1    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

1级增量备份

RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;

Starting backup at 10-DEC-17

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

piece handle=/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq09gl_.bkp tag=TAG20171210T171449 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:35

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental level 1 datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

including current control file in backup set

including current SPFILE in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 10-DEC-17

piece handle=/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq1gh8_.bkp tag=TAG20171210T171449 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 10-DEC-17

现在用list backupset看看

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

3       Incr 0  1.01G      DISK        00:00:50     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 3   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T165527

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20171210T165527_f2vow0f1_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 3

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4    0  Incr 1067941    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

4       Incr 0  9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 4   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T165527

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn0_TAG20171210T165527_f2voxsq9_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 10-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1067960      Ckp time: 10-DEC-17

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

5       Incr 1  4.17M      DISK        00:00:28     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 5   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T171449

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq09gl_.bkp

  List of Datafiles in backup set 5

  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name

  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

  1    1  Incr 1068885    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/system01.dbf

  2    1  Incr 1068885    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/sysaux01.dbf

  3    1  Incr 1068885    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/undotbs01.dbf

  4    1  Incr 1068885    10-DEC-17 /u01/oracle/oradata/users01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

6       Incr 1  9.36M      DISK        00:00:01     10-DEC-17      

        BP Key: 6   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20171210T171449

        Piece Name: /u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq1gh8_.bkp

  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 10-DEC-17

  SPFILE db_unique_name: ORADB

  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1068897      Ckp time: 10-DEC-17

因为对数据库几乎没有做什么操作，所以1级增量备份产生的备份片比较写，但是需要一段时间，因为1级增量备份产生的备份片要和0级增量备份做比较。

在控制文件里面可以看到使用rman备份的信息。

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

TAG20171208T032031

loY9koY9

loY9

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

TAG20171208T032031

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20171210T165527_f2vow0f1_.bkp

TAG20171210T165527

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn0_TAG20171210T165527_f2voxsq9_.bkp

TAG20171210T165527

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq09gl_.bkp

TAG20171210T171449

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn1_TAG20171210T171449_f2vq1gh8_.bkp

TAG20171210T171449

ioY9

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxd0wz_.bkp

TAG20171208T032031

loY9koY9

loY9

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20171208T032031_f2nxhdkj_.bkp

TAG20171208T032031

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20171210T165527_f2vow0f1_.bkp

TAG20171210T165527

DISK

/u01/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORADB/backupset/2017_12_10/o1_mf_ncsn0_TAG20171210T165527_f2voxsq9_.bkp